Cannabis contains dozens of chemical compounds. One of these compounds is THC. THC is the chemical compound that alters a user’s perception and mood. Although THC has the reputation of being the compound responsible for the euphoric feeling of being “high”, it’s important to look into more detail on how and why THC brings about alterations in memory, perception, and other functions.
To explain THC and its effects more comprehensively, we must look into the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). The ECS is a signaling system that exists throughout the human body. It’s made up of cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid signaling molecules. THC is able to interact with the ECS, because it is able to combine with cannabinoid receptors. THC particularly interacts with CB1 receptors which are found in the brain and throughout the nervous system.
It’s important to note that the effects of THC on a user is altering based on a number of factors. The user’s experience with THC is different if the user has been exposed to THC multiple times, the user’s biological makeup, and how THC enters the body. THC vape cartridges and edibles have different effects on a user because the THC in vape cartridges enters the body through the lungs, and edibles enter the body through the digestive system.
What Is The Endocannabinoid System?
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is a signaling system made up of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes. The signaling system plays a role in the regulation of different systems within the body.
Two main endocannabinoids are:
- Anandamide
- 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
How does the ECS work?
The endocannabinoids are produced naturally in the body. Once produced, endocannabinoids are released to bind to cannabinoid receptors to signal to other cells.
Understanding how the endocannabinoid system works helps to understand why THC alters and affects users the way it does.
While the ECS has mostly been studied in relation to cannabis, it’s important to note that it is a natural, biological pathway system and occurs in all people, whether they use cannabis or not.
In the case of cannabis, ECS interaction occurs with cannabis-derived cannabinoids (like THC and CBD).
What Are Endocannabinoids?
Endocannabinoids are cannabinoid signaling molecules produced within the body.
In the body’s naturally occurring signaling system, there are several endocannabinoids, including:
Anandamide
Anandamide was the first cannabinoid signaling molecules to be discovered. As the name suggests, it is derived from the Sanskrit word “ananda,” meaning bliss. In scientific literature, anandamide is thought to play a role in other signaling systems beyond just the “bliss” or pleasurable sensations.
2-AG
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (or 2-AG) is the other major naturally occurring endocannabinoid.
Both anandamide and 2-AG signaling is mediated by CB1 and CB2 receptors.
What Are Cannabinoid Receptors?
Cannabinoid receptors are protein structures that interact with cannabinoid signaling molecules.
There are numerous cannabinoid receptors, but for the purposes of this discussion we will cover CB1 and CB2 receptors.
CB1 receptors
These receptors are abundant in the brain, and are involved in various signaling functions (i.e. memory, movement, attention, etc.).
As previously discussed, THC-mediated signaling to CB1 receptors is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis.
CB2 receptors
Compared to CB1 receptors, there is less abundance of CB2 receptors and they are primarily found on cells of the immune system.
Distribution and function of CB2 receptors are completely different from CB1 receptors. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that THC turns on the cannabinoid system. There is more to it.
How does THC interact with the endocannabinoid system?
Interactions of THC with endocannabinoid system is really interesting.
Although THC is not endocannabinoid, it is structurally similar to some endocannabinoids and can interact with cannabinoid receptors.
The endogenous cannabinoid system of the body is involved with cannabinoid signaling and receptors.
THC can interact with the same receptors.
According to NIDA, similarity in THC and anandamide structure allows THC to alter neuronal communication.
Normally, the signaling system and the receptors respond to the body’s own signaling molecules.
THC can alter that signaling.
That is why it can affect a number of different systems and functions.
What are the Effects of THC on the Nervous System?
Like every other system in the body, the nervous system has cannabinoid receptors.
THC can alter the communication between neurons.
Some of the functions of the nervous system that THC can affect are:
- Concentration
- Memory
- Mood
- Other Psychological Functions
- Perception
- Movement
- Balance
THC can alter cerebral functions and systems that involve pleasure and other higher functions.
From the above, it is clear why THC is considered a CNS depressant.
What Makes THC Intoxicating?
THC is an intoxicating cannabinoid. Intoxication occurs when THC alters the brain’s normal functioning by affecting the receptor system and resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, and memory.
In addition to psychological effects, THC can impact physical functions like balance and coordination.
People respond differently to THC. Someone may experience a profound alteration in perception, while another may have a slight change in combination with other effects.
Routes of Administration
THC must enter the bloodstream to reach the brain. Therefore, for THC to influence brain functions, it has to be introduced to the body from where it can be transported to the brain.
Research shows that the quickest way for THC to enter the bloodstream is through the lungs. When THC is smoked or vaped, it enters the bloodstream and brain quickly.
When THC is ingested, for example, in the form of an edible, it takes longer for the THC to be transported to the brain and cause intoxication. This is because THC has to first be metabolized in the liver before it can be transported to the brain.
What Occurs to THC in the Liver?
After THC is ingested, it gets absorbed and transferred to the liver for metabolism.
The liver metabolizes THC and produces many by-products of the metabolism.
One of the important metabolites is 11-Hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC).
The cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize THC to 11-OH-THC.
11-OH-THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects of orally administered THC.
Further metabolism of THC produces other by-products like THC-COOH.
THC-COOH, also known as 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC, is a psychoactive metabolite of THC.
This metabolite is used in drug testing to assess THC intoxication, even after the psychoactive effects of the drug have worn off.
This is a misconception;
Just because THC metabolites are present in the body, it doesn't mean the person is high.
Why does THC Ingested through the Digestive System Feel different From THC Ingested through the Respiratory System?
The principal difference between the effects of these two types of intoxication is attributable to the site of metabolism and the rate of absorption.
THC ingested through the respiratory system gets absorbed by the blood through the lung tissues and transferred to the brain.
On the other hand, THC ingested through the digestive system gets absorbed by the blood in the liver, and then transferred to the brain.
Also, THC gets metabolized to 11-OH-THC in the liver through the process of first-pass metabolism.
Research has shown that the effects of orally administered THC take longer to be felt and the peak levels of the effects are less compared to THC administered through the respiratory system.
This is the reason some people experience prolonged effects when they take edible forms of THC.
What is 11-Hydroxy-THC?
11-hydroxy-THC is produced in the liver when THC is metabolized.
The process the liver goes through to metabolize THC after it is ingested is different from THC that is inhaled. With inhalation, the liver doesn't play as large of a role.
11-OH-THC is psychoactive and can produce the effects felt after consumption of edibles.
Even though 11-OH-THC is psychoactive, it isn't the end product of THC's effects and it is further metabolized.
In reality, the process involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and finally elimination.
The length of time THC or a metabolite is detectable is dependent on how the body processed THC. The body stores THC in fat and other tissues. This explains why THC or a metabolite can be detected for a long time after the effects are no longer felt. The pharmacokinetic properties of THC also play a role in the length of time it is detectable.
There are many factors that play a role in the duration of time THC is detectable including how frequently it is used, how much is used, the method of use, the body's size and composition, the test used to detect THC, and the length of time that has passed since it was last used.
The answer to "how long does THC stay in your system" really depends on the situation.
Because each person responds differently to THC, it is reasonable to expect two different people to feel the effects of THC differently. Some of the reasons for this are the amount of THC exposed to the body, the body's response to the exposure, and the purity of the THC.
Route Of Administration
THC can be inhaled or ingested. Both have different processes for absorption and chemical breakdown in the body.
Previous Experience with THC
A person’s experience with THC can effect how they are impacted by THC.
Biology
Different people have differences in their body’s systems, for example, their metabolisms.
Other Drugs
How THC impacts a person is affected by other drugs that person uses.
Form of THC
THC can be in many forms, for example, oils or edibles.
The research on THC has shown that the effects of THC depend on many factors and that variability exists between different forms of THC.
Does THC Impact Only the Brain?
THC has impacts outside of the brain.
Although THC is well-known for its impacts on the brain and the nervous system, THC can impact other systems in the body.
The endocannabinoid system can affect other systems in the body.
Impacts of THC
THC can impact a person’s state of mind, and it can also impact a person’s cardiovascular system, motivation, hunger, and other systems in the body.
Because of all of the ways THC can impact a person, THC cannot be thought of as a “brain chemical.”
THC and the Endocannabinoid System: A Simple Example
A simple way to understand the process is to imagine the ECS as a communication network.
Step 1: The body produces endocannabinoids
Molecules such as anandamide and 2-AG are naturally produced when needed.
Step 2: Endocannabinoids interact with cannabinoid receptors
These include CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Step 3: The receptors influence cellular signaling
This helps regulate communication between cells.
Step 4: THC enters the system
THC can interact with cannabinoid receptors because its molecular structure allows it to bind to them.
Step 5: Neural signaling changes
This can alter processes involving perception, memory, coordination, attention and other functions.
Step 6: The body metabolizes THC
The liver and other tissues convert THC into metabolites such as 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH.
Step 7: The body eliminates the metabolites
Metabolites are eventually eliminated through processes involving feces and urine.
This simplified model gives you the basic picture without reducing a complex biological system to a single "THC receptor" explanation.
How Long Does it Take for THC to Work?
It can depend on how people use THC.
If people use THC by smoking or vaping, the time it takes for THC to take effect can be quite short since the THC can be delivered to the bloodstream through the lungs rather quickly.
Effects of THC can be less noticeable if people use THC by eating or drinking products that contain THC. THC can take much longer to be absorbed and to be delivered to the bloodstream if it has to go through the digestive system and be metabolized first.
Why Can THC Effects Be Longer Than Expected?
There can be many factors that impact the length of time that THC can impact people.
The dose of THC can play a role. Effects of THC can last much longer if people consume a higher dose of THC.
It can also depend on how people use THC. Effects of THC can last longer if people use THC in a form that has a slower rate of absorption and metabolism. Effects of oral THC can vary and depend on many factors.
Moreover, the behavior of THC to store in fat tissues and redistribution leads to an irregular pattern of elimination of cannabinoids.
What is the Distinction between the Period of Time that THC affects a Person and the Time for which that Person can Test Positive for THC?
The above mentioned differentiation is complicated and has to be discussed separately.
The Period of Time that THC affects a Person
This duration is defined by the presence of psychoactive effects.
The Period of Time for which a Person can Test Positive for THC
This duration has no connection to the presence of THC effects and is defined by the ability of a biological test to detect THC or its metabolites.
THC metabolites can be detected in the body for an extended period of time, even after psychoactive effects of THC have subsided.
This is of interest to the public in the context of job and other legal drug tests.
What is also of interest is the variety of different tests and the duration for which each test can detect THC or its metabolites.
Can THC Interact with Other Drugs?
Yes.
The effects of THC in combination with alcohol or other substances can increase impairment and be greater than the sum of the effects of THC and alcohol or other substances, when considered individually.
THC and alcohol should not be used together, as this can increase impairment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is THC?
THC is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. When THC comes into contact with a cannabinoid receptor in the body, it influences the body’s neuronal signaling and hence, different cognitive and psychomotor activities including perception, consciousness, memory, learning and mood.
What receptors does THC bind to?
THC can bind to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. Of the two, THC’s influence on the CB1 receptor plays a larger role in the psychoactive effects associated with THC.
What is the endocannabinoid system?
The endocannabinoid system refers to cannabinoids, their receptors and the associated enzymes. Important cannabinoids in the system include anandamide and 2-AG.
What is anandamide?
Anandamide is one of the main endocannabinoids produced in the body. It participates in the endocannabinoid signaling system by binding to cannabinoid receptors.
What is 11-hydroxy-THC?
11-Hydroxy-THC is the psychoactive THC metabolite produced by the body after THC is completely broken down. It is mostly produced in the liver after THC is consumed by the oral route. Consequently, after THC is consumed by the oral route, 11-hydroxy-THC is the principal psychoactive substance responsible for the intoxication effects.
Why Does Edible Thc Take Longer To Kick In?
THC taken orally enters the bloodstream after it passes through the digestive system and the liver. Effects from THC taken this way takes longer to take effect and is more unpredictable compared to THC taken by other means.
Does Thc Leave Your System After You're Done Feeling High?
It can take some time for THC to fully leave your system after the high goes away. THC can also be stored in body fat. Certain THC metabolites can take even longer to fully leave your system.
Can Thc Impact Brain Function?
Yes. THC can alter how signals are transmitted across brain cells.
Can Thc Impact Brain Function Differently For Every Person?
Yes. The same dose of THC can impact different people in various ways based on many factors including how used to THC the person is and how the THC was administered.
Is Thc An Endocannabinoid?
No. THC is not produced by the body and endocannabinoids have different chemical structures compared to THC.
Is Thc And Cbd The Same Thing?
No. THC and CBD are two different cannabinoids and THC is the only cannabinoid that is known to produce a psychoactive effect.
Final Thoughts
The effects of THC impact several of the body's systems.
Your body generates its own cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG, etc.) which are responsible for activating cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) throughout the body. THC can combine with these cannabinoid receptors and can produce multiple effects on the user.
Of course, there are other factors which contribute to a user’s experience apart from THC.
How the user ingests THC, how much THC the user ingests, the user’s biological make up, and other factors can contribute to a user’s experience.
Those who ingest THC via the edible route can expect various effects since THC must first go through the user’s liver and digestive system where it is broken down to other by-products.
There are several factors which contribute to a user’s experience and which a prudent user must take into account. Labels on cannabis products must disclose this information.
Users should be aware that how a particular cannabis product affects a user may vary significantly from how other products affect a user. Users should exercise caution since effects of products may vary.
Disclaimer
This article is for educational and informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. THC and cannabis products may cause impairment, side effects and interactions with other substances or medications. Individual responses can vary. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before using THC-containing products, particularly if you have a medical condition, take medication, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.
